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<span class="bold">精妙SQL语句收集</span><br/><br/><div id="text9363364" style="FONT-SIZE: 12px;">SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作,方便自己写SQL时方便一点,想贴上来,一起看看,同时希望大家能共同多多提意见,也给我留一些更好的佳句,整理一份《精妙SQL速查手册》,不吝赐教!<br/><br/><br/>一、基础<br/><br/>1、说明:创建数据库<br/>Create DATABASE database-name <br/>2、说明:删除数据库<br/>drop database dbname<br/>3、说明:备份sql server<br/>--- 创建 备份数据的 device<br/>USE master<br/>EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat'<br/>--- 开始 备份<br/>BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack <br/>4、说明:创建新表<br/>create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)<br/>根据已有的表创建新表: <br/>A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表)<br/>B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only<br/>5、说明:删除新表<br/>drop table tabname <br/>6、说明:增加一个列<br/>Alter table tabname add column col type<br/>注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。<br/>7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) <br/>说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) <br/>8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….) <br/>删除索引:drop index idxname<br/>注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。<br/>9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement <br/>删除视图:drop view viewname<br/>10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句<br/>选择:select * from table1 where 范围<br/>插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)<br/>删除:delete from table1 where 范围<br/>更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围<br/>查找:select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ ---like的语法很精妙,查资料!<br/>排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]<br/>总数:select count as totalcount from table1<br/>求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1<br/>平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1<br/>最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1<br/>最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1<br/>11、说明:几个高级查询运算词<br/>A: UNION 运算符 <br/>UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 <br/>B: EXCEPT 运算符 <br/>EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 <br/>C: INTERSECT 运算符<br/>INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 <br/>注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 <br/>12、说明:使用外连接 <br/>A、left outer join: <br/>左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 <br/>SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c<br/>B:right outer join: <br/>右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 <br/>C:full outer join: <br/>全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。<br/><br/>二、提升<br/><br/>1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)<br/>法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1<br/>法二:select top 0 * into b from a<br/><br/>2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用)<br/>insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;<br/><br/>3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用)<br/>insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具体数据库’ where 条件<br/>例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where..<br/><br/>4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b)<br/>select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)<br/><br/>5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间<br/>select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b<br/><br/>6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b)<br/>select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c<br/><br/>7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a )<br/>select * from (Select a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;<br/><br/>8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括<br/>select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2<br/>select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2<br/><br/>9、说明:in 的使用方法<br/>select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)<br/><br/>10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 <br/>delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 )<br/><br/>11、说明:四表联查问题:<br/>select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .....<br/><br/>12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 <br/>SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5<br/><br/>13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页<br/>select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段<br/><br/>14、说明:前10条记录<br/>select top 10 * form table1 where 范围<br/><br/>15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.)<br/>select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)<br/><br/>16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表<br/>(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)<br/><br/>17、说明:随机取出10条数据<br/>select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()<br/><br/>18、说明:随机选择记录<br/>select newid()<br/><br/>19、说明:删除重复记录<br/>Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...)<br/><br/>20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名<br/>select name from sysobjects where type='U' <br/><br/>21、说明:列出表里的所有的<br/>select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName')<br/><br/>22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。<br/>select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type<br/>显示结果:<br/>type vender pcs<br/>电脑 A 1<br/>电脑 A 1<br/>光盘 B 2<br/>光盘 A 2<br/>手机 B 3<br/>手机 C 3<br/><br/>23、说明:初始化表table1<br/><br/>TRUNCATE TABLE table1<br/><br/>24、说明:选择从10到15的记录<br/>select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc<br/><br/>三、技巧<br/><br/>1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多<br/><br/>“where 1=1” 是表示选择全部 “where 1=2”全部不选,<br/>如:<br/>if @strWhere !='' <br/>begin<br/>set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere <br/>end<br/>else <br/>begin<br/>set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' <br/>end <br/><br/>我们可以直接写成<br/>set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere <br/><br/>2、收缩数据库<br/>--重建索引<br/>DBCC REINDEX<br/>DBCC INDEXDEFRAG<br/>--收缩数据和日志<br/>DBCC SHRINKDB<br/>DBCC SHRINKFILE<br/><br/>3、压缩数据库<br/>dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)<br/><br/>4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限<br/>exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname'<br/>go<br/><br/>5、检查备份集<br/>RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak'<br/><br/>6、修复数据库<br/>Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER<br/>GO<br/>DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK<br/>GO<br/>Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER<br/>GO<br/><br/>7、日志清除<br/>SET NOCOUNT ON<br/>DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname,<br/>@MaxMinutes INT,<br/>@NewSize INT<br/><br/><br/>USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名<br/>Select @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名<br/>@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log.<br/>@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M)<br/><br/>-- Setup / initialize<br/>DECLARE @OriginalSize int<br/>Select @OriginalSize = size <br/>FROM sysfiles<br/>Where name = @LogicalFileName<br/>Select 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + <br/>CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + <br/>CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB'<br/>FROM sysfiles<br/>Where name = @LogicalFileName<br/>Create TABLE DummyTrans<br/>(DummyColumn char (8000) not null)<br/><br/><br/>DECLARE @Counter INT,<br/>@StartTime DATETIME,<br/>@TruncLog VARCHAR(255)<br/>Select @StartTime = GETDATE(),<br/>@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY'<br/><br/>DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize)<br/>EXEC (@TruncLog)<br/>-- Wrap the log if necessary.<br/>WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired<br/>AND @OriginalSize = (Select size FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName) <br/>AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize <br/>BEGIN -- Outer loop.<br/>Select @Counter = 0<br/>WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000))<br/>BEGIN -- update<br/>Insert DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') <br/>Delete DummyTrans<br/>Select @Counter = @Counter + 1<br/>END <br/>EXEC (@TruncLog) <br/>END <br/>Select 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +<br/>CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + <br/>CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB'<br/>FROM sysfiles <br/>Where name = @LogicalFileName<br/>Drop TABLE DummyTrans<br/>SET NOCOUNT OFF <br/><br/>8、说明:更改某个表<br/>exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo'<br/><br/>9、存储更改全部表<br/><br/>Create PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch<br/>@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128),<br/>@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128)<br/>AS<br/><br/>DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128)<br/>DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128)<br/>DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)<br/><br/>DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR <br/>select 'Name' = name,<br/>'Owner' = user_name(uid)<br/>from sysobjects<br/>where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner<br/>order by name<br/><br/>OPEN curObject<br/>FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner<br/>WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0)<br/>BEGIN <br/>if @Owner=@OldOwner <br/>begin<br/>set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name)<br/>exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner<br/>end<br/>-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner<br/><br/>FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner<br/>END<br/><br/>close curObject<br/>deallocate curObject<br/>GO<br/><br/><br/>10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据<br/>declare @i int<br/>set @i=1<br/>while @i<30<br/>begin<br/>insert into test (userid) values(@i)<br/>set @i=@i+1<br/>end</div> |
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